Sejanus: Rise And Fall Of A Roman Powerbroker

Prof. Phoebe Simonis 22 May 2025

Could an ambitious soldier from a relatively modest background truly orchestrate a shadow reign over the Roman Empire, even influencing the fate of emperors? The story of Lucius Aelius Sejanus, a man who rose from the equestrian class to become the most powerful figure in Rome, second only to the Emperor Tiberius, provides a resounding 'yes'.

Sejanus's life is a compelling narrative of power, intrigue, and ultimately, a dramatic downfall. Born in the Etruscan city of Volsinii around 20 BCE, Sejanus was not of the patrician elite. He belonged to the equestrian order, a class below the patricians but still holding significant social and political influence. His father, Lucius Seius Strabo, a member of the equestrian order, had achieved prominence as a praetorian prefect under Octavian Augustus, setting the stage for Sejanus's own ascent. From his family, he inherited the political acumen and connections necessary to navigate the treacherous currents of Roman politics. His family ties ran deep; his father's high position meant Sejanus grew up amidst influence and power, learning the art of maneuvering within the rigid structures of Roman society.

His early career saw him rise through the ranks of the military. Sejanuss talent for leadership and his ambition were quickly recognized, and he became a trusted confidant and advisor to Emperor Tiberius. His close proximity to the emperor granted him opportunities to influence decisions and gradually consolidate his power. In 14 CE, he was appointed as the prefect of the Praetorian Guard, the emperor's elite bodyguard. This was a pivotal moment, for it placed him in control of a formidable military force and provided him with the means to directly shape the political landscape of Rome.

Category	Details
Full Name	Lucius Aelius Sejanus
Born	c. 20 BCE in Volsinii, Etruria (modern-day Italy)
Died	October 18, 31 CE in Rome
Class	Equestrian
Father	Lucius Seius Strabo (Equestrian, Praetorian Prefect)
Positions Held	Prefect of the Praetorian Guard (14 CE 31 CE), Influential advisor to Emperor Tiberius
Key Actions/Events	Gained significant influence over Emperor Tiberius Persuaded Tiberius to reside in Capreae (Capri) Exiled Agrippina the Elder and Nero Attempted to marry Drusus's widow, Livilla Accused of treason and executed
Known For	Ambition, political maneuvering, nearly seizing control of Rome
Relationship with Pontius Pilate	His actions influenced the dating of the death of Jesus
Legacy	A cautionary tale of ambition, the dangers of unchecked power, and the fragility of political alliances.
Reference	Britannica - Sejanus

Sejanuss rise to power was marked by shrewd political maneuvering. In 25 CE, he was denied permission by Tiberius to marry Livilla, the widow of Drusus, and possibly Sejanus's accomplice in the alleged poisoning of her husband. Nevertheless, he continued to ingratiate himself with the emperor. A significant turning point came in 27 CE, when Sejanus successfully persuaded Tiberius to retreat to the island of Capreae (Capri). This move created a vacuum in Rome, allowing Sejanus to effectively govern in the emperor's absence. From Capri, Tiberius, while retaining the title of Emperor, became increasingly isolated, and Sejanus gained more control over the city of Rome, controlling communications, and managing state affairs.

The subsequent years saw Sejanus consolidate his power by eliminating potential rivals. He orchestrated the exile of Agrippina the Elder and her son Nero in 29 CE. The removal of these potential heirs to the throne further strengthened Sejanus's position and cleared the path for his ambitions. He had become so powerful that he was, in effect, the de facto ruler of Rome, managing the empire's affairs while the emperor was in seclusion. Some sources suggest he hoped to become Tiberius' successor, or even to rule as regent for a young heir. His influence extended throughout the state, and he had the Praetorian Guard at his command.

The execution of Germanicus, a popular general and heir to the imperial throne, further demonstrates the political intrigue surrounding Sejanus. Though the exact circumstances of Germanicus' death are debated, it occurred approximately four years after Sejanus rose to power. This event, coupled with Sejanus's consolidation of power, raised suspicion among many citizens of Rome. His control of the Praetorian Guard, his influence over Tiberius, and the removal of potential rivals all pointed towards a calculated strategy to take control of the empire. This fear intensified and grew with each political move he made.

Despite his successes, Sejanus's ambition ultimately led to his downfall. His ruthless pursuit of power alienated key figures, and eventually, Tiberius himself grew wary of his prefect's influence. He miscalculated the extent of his control and the loyalty of his allies. In 31 CE, Tiberius, prompted by growing concerns and suspicions, turned against Sejanus. The emperor orchestrated his arrest and execution, marking the end of Sejanuss reign. His death was swift and brutal. Accused of treason, he was dragged from power and quickly dispatched. His body was torn apart by a frenzied crowd. The once-powerful prefect was reduced to nothing, his aspirations of ruling Rome shattered.

The consequences of Sejanus's actions are well documented. The executions on the stairs, a practice that became less frequent after Tiberius's death, and the dramatic way his own body was handled, reflected the turmoil that followed his downfall. The events of these years left a profound impact on Roman society. Sejanus's story underscores the dangers of unchecked power and the volatile nature of politics.

The tale of Sejanus offers a fascinating window into the heart of the Roman Empire. His story, filled with ambition, betrayal, and the endless pursuit of power, serves as a reminder of the fragility of success and the ever-present dangers of political maneuvering. His impact on the reign of Tiberius, his influence on the dating of historical events, and his role as a cautionary figure, all contribute to his enduring legacy as one of the most intriguing and controversial figures in Roman history.